This course provides an overview of foundational and contemporary language teaching methodologies. Along with early methods, it explores frameworks such as communicative language teaching (CLT), content-based instruction (CBI), the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP), and task-based language instruction, comparing them across a set of guiding questions and principles. The course equips participants with awareness and understanding of choices available to support language learning in different ways for different purposes while also inviting participants to consider (mis)alignments with their thinking to facilitate awareness of their own beliefs about teaching and learning.