The history, development, and design principles for programming notations. The design and internal operations of the major notational categories are examined in detail. Students are expected to become proficient in at least four languages they have not previously learned, typically chosen from historical, modern working, and cutting edge languages and from among such (non-exclusive) categories as Algol-descended, functional, scripting, Web-based, modular, application-specific, visual, and object oriented. They will also learn how to select appropriate programming notations for a given project. Programming will be undertaken in at least three OS environments.