An overview of current conceptualization, diagnostic assessment, etiology, and treatment of emotional distress. Historical, biological, sociological, neuropsychological, cultural, and psychological theories and processes involved in the ongoing discourse around psychopathology are examined through the use of historical and current research articles, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5), class discussions, case studies in print and media, and guest presentations. In addition, evidence-based treatments of the more commonly understood mental illnesses, and the social justice and ethical issues involved in the treatment of emotional distress are a focus of discussion.